Special/jj-hl districts/nns-hl in/in-hl Rhode/np-tl-hl island/nn-hl ./.-hl

It/pps is/bez not/* within/in the/at scope/nn of/in this/dt report/nn to/to elaborate/vb in/in any/dti great/jj detail/nn upon/in special/jj districts/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ./.
However/rb ,/, a/at word/nn should/md be/be mentioned/vbn in/in regard/nn to/in them/ppo as/cs independent/jj units/nns of/in government/nn ./.


	There/ex are/ber forty-seven/cd special/jj district/nn governments/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl (/( excluding/in two/cd regional/jj school/nn districts/nns ,/, four/cd housing/vbg authorities/nns ,/, and/cc the/at Kent/np-tl County/nn-tl Water/nn-tl Authority/nn-tl )/) ./.
These/dts forty-seven/cd special/jj purpose/nn governments/nns have/hv the/at authority/nn to/to levy/vb taxes/nns ,/, to/to borrow/vb money/nn ,/, own/vb property/nn ,/, sue/vb and/cc be/be sued/vbn ,/, and/cc in/in general/jj to/to exercise/vb normal/jj corporate/jj powers/nns ./.
Unlike/in cities/nns and/cc towns/nns ,/, however/rb ,/, they/ppss do/do not/* have/hv to/to submit/vb any/dti financial/jj statements/nns to/in the/at state/nn Bureau/nn-tl of/in-tl Audits/nns-tl ./.
It/pps is/bez not/* an/at exaggeration/nn to/to say/vb that/cs the/at state/nn government/nn has/hvz little/ap or/cc no/at fiscal/jj control/nn over/in these/dts units/nns of/in government/nn ./.
In/in addition/nn to/in the/at collection/nn of/in service/nn charges/nns ,/, the/at special/jj districts/nns levy/vb annual/jj property/nn taxes/nns of/in approximately/rb $450,000/nns ./.



Fiscal/jj-hl years/nns-hl in/in-hl other/ap-hl states/nns-hl 
comparative/jj-hl data/nn-hl ./.

A/at review/nn of/in practices/nns in/in other/ap states/nns regarding/in fiscal/jj uniformity/nn is/bez pertinent/jj to/in this/dt report/nn ./.
Included/vbn in/in the/at findings/nns are/ber :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl

Forty-six/cd states/nns ,/, including/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, end/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn on/in June/np 30/cd ./.
The/at other/ap four/cd states/nns end/vb on/in varying/vbg dates/nns :/: Alabama/np (/( Sept./np 30/cd )/) ,/, New/jj-tl York/np-tl (/( March/np 31/cd )/) ,/, Pennsylvania/np (/( May/np 31/cd )/) ,/, and/cc Texas/np (/( August/np 31/cd )/) ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl

In/in sixteen/cd states/nns ,/, the/at fiscal/jj year/nn ending/vbg of/in the/at cities/nns (/( June/np 30/cd )/) is/bez the/at same/ap as/cs that/dt of/in the/at state/nn :/: Alaska/np ,/, Arizona/np ,/, California/np ,/, Delaware/np ,/, Massachusetts/np ,/, Montana/np ,/, Nevada/np ,/, New/jj-tl Mexico/np-tl ,/, North/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl ,/, North/jj-tl Dakota/np-tl ,/, Oklahoma/np ,/, Oregon/np ,/, Vermont/np ,/, West/jj-tl Virginia/np-tl ,/, Wyoming/np ,/, and/cc Hawaii/np )/) ./.
3/cd-hl ./.-hl

In/in eleven/cd states/nns ,/, the/at fiscal/jj year/nn of/in the/at cities/nns ends/vbz on/in December/np 31/cd ,/, while/cs the/at state/nn fiscal/jj year/nn ends/vbz on/in June/np 30/cd (/( Arkansas/np ,/, Colorado/np ,/, Indiana/np ,/, Kansas/np ,/, New/jj-tl Hampshire/np-tl ,/, New/jj-tl Jersey/np-tl ,/, Ohio/np ,/, South/jj-tl Dakota/np-tl ,/, Utah/np ,/, Washington/np ,/, and/cc Wisconsin/np )/) ./.
4/cd-hl ./.-hl

In/in eight/cd states/nns whose/wp$ fiscal/jj years/nns close/vb on/in June/np 30/cd ,/, a/at majority/nn of/in their/pp$ cities/nns close/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn on/in December/np 31/cd :/. :/.
(/( Georgia/np ,/, Iowa/np ,/, Kentucky/np ,/, Maine/np ,/, Maryland/np ,/, Minnesota/np ,/, Virginia/np ,/, and/cc South/jj-tl Carolina/np-tl )/) ./.
5/cd-hl ./.-hl

One/cd state/nn ,/, Alabama/np ,/, closes/vbz its/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn on/in September/np 30/cd ,/, and/cc all/abn cities/nns in/in the/at state/nn ,/, with/in one/cd exception/nn ,/, also/rb close/vb fiscal/jj years/nns on/in September/np 30/cd ./.
6/cd-hl ./.-hl

Mississippi/np closes/vbz its/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn on/in June/np 30/cd ,/, while/cs all/abn of/in its/pp$ cities/nns close/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj years/nns on/in September/np 30/cd ./.
7/cd-hl ./.-hl

Pennsylvania/np closes/vbz its/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn on/in May/np 31/cd ./.
All/abn of/in its/pp$ cities/nns close/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj years/nns on/in December/np 31/cd ./.


	The/at remaining/vbg twelve/cd states/nns have/hv varying/vbg fiscal/jj years/nns for/in the/at state/nn ,/, city/nn and/cc local/jj governments/nns ./.
However/rb ,/, only/ap Illinois/np ,/, Oregon/np ,/, Louisiana/np and/cc Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl have/hv a/at situation/nn in/in which/wdt the/at sundry/jj units/nns of/in government/nn vary/vb widely/rb in/in relation/nn to/in fiscal/jj uniformity/nn ./.



Fiscal/jj-hl uniformity/nn-hl :/:-hl advantages/nns-hl and/cc-hl disadvantages/nns-hl 
advantages/nns ./.

An/at excellent/jj summary/nn of/in advantages/nns concerning/in the/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn and/cc coordinated/vbn fiscal/jj calendars/nns was/bedz contained/vbn in/in a/at paper/nn presented/vbn by/in a/at public/jj finance/nn authority/nn recently/rb ./.
He/pps listed/vbd among/in the/at values/nns of/in fiscal/jj uniformity/nn :/: 1/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn requires/vbz compliance/nn with/in common/jj sense/nn administration/nn of/in local/jj finances/nns :/: adoption/nn of/in the/at budget/nn ,/, or/cc financial/jj plan/nn ,/, in/in advance/nn of/in spending/vbg ./.
2/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn ensures/vbz conformance/nn with/in another/dt common/jj sense/nn rule/nn ,/, that/dt of/in having/hvg cash/nn in/in the/at bank/nn before/cs checks/nns are/ber drawn/vbn ./.
It/pps enables/vbz towns/nns to/to make/vb more/ql economical/jj purchases/nns and/cc to/to take/vb advantage/nn of/in cash/nn discounts/nns ./.
3/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn promotes/vbz more/ql careful/jj budgeting/nn and/cc strengthens/vbz control/nn over/in expenditures/nns ./.
By/in fixing/vbg the/at tax/nn rate/nn in/in advance/nn of/in spending/vbg ,/, upper/jj limits/nns are/ber set/vbn on/in expenditures/nns ./.
4/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn brings/vbz the/at town's/nn$ fiscal/jj year/nn into/in line/nn with/in that/dt of/in the/at schools/nns ,/, which/wdt expend/vb the/at largest/jjt share/nn of/in local/jj disbursements/nns ./.
This/dt greatly/rb simplifies/vbz the/at town's/nn$ bookkeeping/nn and/cc financial/jj reporting/nn ./.
5/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn eliminates/vbz interest/nn charges/nns on/in money/nn borrowed/vbn in/in the/at form/nn of/in tax/nn anticipation/nn notes/nns ./.
Furthermore/rb ,/, tax/nn collections/nns not/* immediately/rb needed/vbn for/in current/jj expenditures/nns may/md be/be invested/vbn in/in short-term/nn treasury/nn notes/nns ,/, augmenting/vbg the/at town's/nn$ miscellaneous/jj revenues/nns and/cc reducing/vbg the/at tax/nn levy/nn ./.
6/cd-hl ./.-hl

The/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn facilitates/vbz inter-town/jj comparison/nn of/in revenues/nns and/cc expenditures/nns ./.
When/wrb towns/nns have/hv the/at same/ap fiscal/jj year/nn it/pps is/bez relatively/ql easy/jj to/to make/vb meaningful/jj comparisons/nns ;/. ;/.
and/cc as/cs the/at cost/nn of/in local/jj government/nn increases/vbz ,/, the/at demand/nn for/in such/jj comparison/nn also/rb increases/vbz ./.
Towns/nns having/hvg different/jj fiscal/jj years/nns are/ber difficult/jj to/to compare/vb ./.


	Of/in all/abn advantages/nns ,/, probably/rb none/pn is/bez more/ql important/jj than/cs the/at elimination/nn of/in tax/nn anticipation/nn notes/nns ./.
Borrowing/vbg in/in anticipation/nn of/in current/jj taxes/nns and/cc other/ap revenues/nns is/bez a/at routine/jj procedure/nn of/in the/at majority/nn of/in municipalities/nns at/in all/abn times/nns ./.
It/pps may/md be/be by/in bank/nn loans/nns ,/, sale/nn of/in notes/nns or/cc warrants/nns ,/, or/cc by/in the/at somewhat/ql casual/jj method/nn of/in issuance/nn and/cc registration/nn of/in warrants/nns ./.
In/in any/dti event/nn it/pps is/bez a/at form/nn of/in borrowing/vbg which/wdt could/md be/be and/cc should/md be/be rendered/vbn unnecessary/jj ./.
Its/pp$ elimination/nn would/md result/vb in/in the/at saving/nn of/in interest/nn costs/nns ,/, heavy/jj when/wrb short-term/nn money/nn rates/nns are/ber high/jj ,/, and/cc in/in freedom/nn from/in dependence/nn on/in credit/nn which/wdt is/bez not/* always/rb available/jj when/wrb needed/vbn most/rbt ./.
This/dt type/nn of/in borrowing/vbg can/md be/be reduced/vbn to/in a/at minimum/jj if/cs quarterly/jj installment/nn payment/nn of/in taxes/nns is/bez instituted/vbn and/cc the/at first/od payment/nn placed/vbn near/in the/at opening/nn of/in the/at fiscal/jj year/nn ./.
Any/dti approach/nn toward/in such/abl a/at system/nn looks/vbz toward/in saving/vbg and/cc security/nn ./.


	It/pps should/md be/be noted/vbn that/cs there/ex are/ber other/ap and/cc equally/ql important/jj reasons/nns for/in establishing/vbg meaningful/jj intergovernmental/jj reporting/vbg bases/nns on/in a/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn ./.
Both/abx the/at federal/jj and/cc state/nn governments/nns commence/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj years/nns on/in July/np 1/cd ./.
Both/abx units/nns of/in government/nn contribute/vb increasingly/rb large/jj sums/nns of/in money/nn to/in the/at several/ap local/jj governments/nns in/in this/dt state/nn as/cs indicated/vbn below/rb :/: 

	It/pps has/hvz been/ben said/vbn that/cs when/wrb local/jj government/nn revenues/nns were/bed mostly/rb produced/vbn locally/rb from/in the/at property/nn tax/nn ,/, the/at lack/nn of/in a/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn was/bedz no/at great/jj handicap/nn ;/. ;/.
but/cc with/in the/at growth/nn of/in state/nn and/cc federal/jj fiscal/jj aid/nn ,/, the/at emphasis/nn on/in equalization/nn ,/, and/cc the/at state-local/jj sharing/nn of/in responsibility/nn for/in certain/jj important/jj functions/nns ,/, this/dt is/bez no/ql longer/rbr true/jj ./.
The/at haphazard/jj fiscal/jj year/nn calendar/nn is/bez an/at obstacle/nn to/in the/at planning/nn of/in clear/jj and/cc efficient/jj state-local/jj revenue/nn and/cc expenditure/nn relationships/nns ./.
Disadvantages/nns-hl ./.-hl

Although/cs there/ex are/ber many/ap sound/jj reasons/nns for/in adopting/vbg uniform/jj and/cc coordinated/vbn fiscal/jj years/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, there/ex are/ber also/rb certain/jj difficulties/nns encountered/vbn ./.
These/dts involve/vb more/rbr the/at mechanics/nns employed/vbn in/in adjusting/vbg to/in fiscal/jj uniformity/nn than/cs they/ppss do/do actual/jj disadvantages/nns to/in the/at principle/nn ./.
One/cd problem/nn is/bez a/at matter/nn of/in shifting/vbg dates/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at other/ap ,/, is/bez how/wrb to/to finance/vb the/at transition/nn ./.


	Little/ap can/md be/be done/vbn about/in the/at changing/nn of/in dates/nns ./.
This/dt is/bez an/at inherent/jj part/nn of/in adjusting/vbg fiscal/jj calendars/nns ./.
It/pps usually/rb means/vbz a/at confused/vbn and/cc disgruntled/vbn tax-paying/jj public/nn for/in a/at period/nn of/in time/nn ./.
But/cc cooperation/nn and/cc understanding/vbg between/in local/jj officials/nns and/cc the/at citizenry/nn help/vb lessen/vb this/dt problem/nn ./.


	The/at other/ap problem/nn is/bez the/at matter/nn of/in financing/vbg the/at transition/nn period/nn in/in the/at several/ap cities/nns and/cc towns/nns ./.
This/dt will/md be/be covered/vbn more/ql fully/rb later/rbr ./.
It/pps should/md be/be kept/vbn in/in mind/nn that/cs the/at ease/nn or/cc difficulty/nn with/in which/wdt a/at town/nn or/cc city/nn can/md convert/vb to/in the/at proposed/vbn plan/nn is/bez directly/ql dependent/jj upon/in the/at financial/jj condition/nn of/in that/dt town/nn or/cc city/nn ./.
Fortunately/rb ,/, there/ex are/ber no/at cities/nns or/cc towns/nns in/in the/at state/nn ,/, with/in one/cd or/cc two/cd possible/jj exceptions/nns that/wps are/ber in/in too/ql difficult/jj a/at position/nn to/to finance/vb the/at proposed/vbn change/nn ./.
Sacrifice/nn will/md have/hv to/to be/be made/vbn in/in some/dti cases/nns ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez to/in the/at municipality's/nn$ advantage/nn to/to finance/vb the/at change-over/nn for/in a/at short/jj period/nn of/in time/nn rather/rb than/cs pay/vb interest/nn on/in tax/nn anticipation/nn notes/nns indefinitely/rb ./.



Adjusting/vbg-hl the/at-hl fiscal/jj-hl calendars/nns-hl 
The/at advantages/nns of/in a/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn and/cc well/rb synchronized/vbn fiscal/jj and/cc tax/nn collection/nn calendars/nns are/ber sufficiently/ql great/jj for/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl municipalities/nns to/to exert/vb effort/nn to/to secure/vb them/ppo ./.
The/at type/nn of/in program/nn desired/vbn can/md be/be determined/vbn by/in the/at nature/nn and/cc extent/nn of/in the/at adjustments/nns needed/vbn ./.
Two/cd features/nns are/ber immediately/rb evident/jj ./.
First/od ,/, the/at present/jj situation/nn is/bez too/ql varied/vbn to/to be/be systematized/vbn by/in any/dti single/ap formula/nn ./.
Second/od ,/, the/at shift/nn to/in a/at uniform/jj July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd fiscal/jj year/nn will/md ,/, of/in itself/ppl ,/, improve/vb the/at tax/nn collection/nn calendars/nns of/in the/at great/jj majority/nn of/in cities/nns and/cc towns/nns ./.
There/ex are/ber at/in least/ap two/cd problems/nns to/to consider/vb :/: one/cd is/bez a/at matter/nn of/in adjusting/vbg the/at fiscal/jj calendar/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at other/ap is/bez how/wrb to/to finance/vb the/at adjustments/nns when/wrb necessary/jj ./.
The/at latter/ap matter/nn is/bez considered/vbn in/in detail/nn in/in a/at later/jjr section/nn ./.


	Twelve/cd cities/nns and/cc towns/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl presently/rb indicate/vb some/dti plans/nns to/to establish/vb a/at uniform/jj and/or/cc coordinated/vbn fiscal/jj tax/nn year/nn calendar/nn ./.
Plans/nns vary/vb from/in the/at ``/`` talking/vbg stage/nn ''/'' to/in establishing/vbg special/jj committees/nns to/to accomplish/vb this/dt end/nn ./.
What/wdt is/bez important/jj here/rb is/bez that/cs many/ap of/in the/at cities/nns and/cc towns/nns recognize/vb the/at need/nn for/in improved/vbn fiscal/jj practices/nns and/cc are/ber taking/vbg the/at initiative/nn to/to obtain/vb them/ppo ./.


	An/at analysis/nn of/in the/at fiscal/jj tax/nn collection/nn year/nn calendars/nns throughout/in the/at state/nn indicates/vbz that/cs transition/nn may/md not/* be/be as/ql painful/jj as/cs is/bez commonly/rb thought/vbn ./.
However/rb ,/, it/pps must/md be/be stressed/vbn that/cs much/ap depends/vbz upon/in the/at financial/jj condition/nn of/in the/at individual/jj cities/nns and/cc towns/nns involved/vbn ./.


	The/at adjustments/nns needed/vbn to/to establish/vb a/at uniform/jj and/cc coordinated/vbn fiscal/jj tax/nn collection/nn year/nn calendar/nn throughout/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl ,/, based/vbn on/in a/at July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd year/nn ,/, are/ber shown/vbn below/rb ./.
No/at-hl adjustment/nn-hl needed/vbn-hl ./.-hl

Six/cd cities/nns and/cc towns/nns are/ber presently/rb on/in a/at July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd fiscal/jj year/nn and/cc have/hv coordinated/vbn their/pp$ tax/nn collection/nn year/nn with/in it/ppo ./.
No/at change/nn is/bez required/vbn for/in these/dts towns/nns ./.
These/dts municipalities/nns include/vb :/: Barrington/np ,/, Lincoln/np ,/, Middletown/np ,/, Newport/np ,/, North/jj-tl Kingstown/np-tl ,/, and/cc South/jj-tl Kingstown/np-tl ./.
Adjustment/nn-hl of/in-hl fiscal/jj-hl year/nn-hl ./.-hl

One/cd town/nn and/cc one/cd city/nn ,/, Coventry/np and/cc East/jj-tl Providence/np-tl ,/, require/vb an/at adjustment/nn of/in their/pp$ fiscal/jj year/nn only/rb ./.
This/dt change/nn will/md automatically/rb adjust/vb their/pp$ tax/nn collection/nn year/nn calendar/nn so/cs as/cs to/to make/vb all/abn tax/nn installments/nns due/jj and/cc payable/jj in/in the/at fiscal/jj year/nn collectible/jj within/in that/dt year/nn ./.
Adjustment/nn-hl of/in-hl tax/nn-hl collection/nn-hl year/nn-hl ./.-hl

Six/cd cities/nns and/cc towns/nns are/ber now/rb on/in a/at July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd fiscal/jj year/nn and/cc will/md need/vb only/rb to/to adjust/vb their/pp$ tax/nn collection/nn year/nn calendar/nn to/to establish/vb uniformity/nn ./.
These/dts cities/nns and/cc towns/nns include/vb Bristol/np ,/, Glocester/np ,/, Pawtucket/np ,/, Cumberland/np ,/, Central/jj-tl Falls/nns-tl ,/, and/cc Woonsocket/np ./.
Simultaneous/jj-hl adjustments/nns-hl ./.-hl

Two/cd cities/nns to/to be/be considered/vbn ,/, Providence/np and/cc Cranston/np ,/, are/ber an/at enigma/nn ./.
Both/abx have/hv excellent/jj integration/nn of/in their/pp$ fiscal/jj tax/nn collection/nn year/nn calendars/nns ./.
However/rb ,/, neither/dtx of/in these/dts two/cd cities/nns is/bez on/in the/at desired/vbn July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd fiscal/jj year/nn ./.


	The/at adjustment/nn to/in a/at uniform/jj and/cc coordinated/vbn fiscal/jj period/nn could/md be/be accomplished/vbn relatively/ql easily/rb for/in them/ppo ./.
In/in that/cs both/abx cities/nns end/vb their/pp$ fiscal/jj years/nns on/in September/np 30/cd ,/, they/ppss could/md levy/vb taxes/nns for/in an/at interim/jj period/nn of/in nine/cd months/nns ,/, commencing/vbg with/in September/np 30/cd and/cc ending/vbg with/in June/np 30/cd ./.
These/dts three/cd installment/nn dates/nns would/md be/be :/: October/np 26/cd ,/, January/np 26/cd ,/, and/cc April/np 25/cd (/( Providence/np )/) and/cc November/np 15/cd ,/, February/np 16/cd and/cc May/np 15/cd (/( Cranston/np )/) ./.
Both/abx would/md start/vb their/pp$ new/jj fiscal/jj year/nn on/in July/np 1/cd ./.
Their/pp$ tax/nn collection/nn calendar/nn could/md then/rb be/be :/: July/np 25/cd ,/, October/np 26/cd ,/, January/np 26/cd ,/, and/cc April/np 25/cd ,/, (/( Providence/np )/) ;/. ;/.
and/cc August/np 15/cd ,/, November/np 15/cd ,/, February/np 17/cd ,/, and/cc May/np 15/cd ,/, (/( Cranston/np )/) ./.
Under/in this/dt plan/nn both/abx Cranston/np and/cc Providence/np would/md be/be on/in the/at uniform/jj fiscal/jj year/nn but/cc would/md still/rb be/be using/vbg the/at same/ap installment/nn periods/nns ./.
Varying/vbg-hl adjustments/nns-hl ./.-hl

The/at remaining/vbg twenty-three/cd towns/nns have/hv fiscal/jj years/nns which/wdt end/vb prior/rb to/in June/np 30/cd ./.
All/abn of/in these/dts towns/nns will/md require/vb adjustments/nns of/in both/abx their/pp$ fiscal/jj and/cc tax/nn collection/nn years/nns ./.
Assuming/vbg an/at adjustment/nn to/in the/at July/np 1/cd to/in June/np 30/cd fiscal/jj year/nn ,/, the/at required/vbn adjustment/nn of/in the/at tax/nn collection/nn years/nns and/cc the/at towns/nns involved/vbn are/ber shown/vbn in/in Table/nn-tl 3/cd-tl ./.



Methods/nns-hl of/in-hl financing/vbg-hl adjustments/nns-hl 
Aside/rb from/in the/at matter/nn of/in adjusting/vbg the/at fiscal/jj and/cc tax/nn calendars/nns ,/, there/ex is/bez the/at problem/nn of/in financing/vbg the/at adjustment/nn when/wrb this/dt is/bez necessary/jj ./.
It/pps should/md be/be emphasized/vbn strongly/rb that/cs adjustments/nns in/in fiscal/jj dates/nns or/cc adoption/nn of/in interim/jj budgets/nns do/do not/* necessarily/rb mean/vb financing/vbg over/in and/cc above/in normal/jj governmental/jj requirements/nns ./.
In/in many/ap communities/nns there/ex is/bez simply/rb no/at financial/jj problem/nn ;/. ;/.
it/pps is/bez only/rb a/at matter/nn of/in adjusting/vbg accounting/vbg methods/nns ,/, careful/jj fiscal/jj planning/nn and/cc management/nn ,/, or/cc some/dti like/jj combination/nn of/in techniques/nns ./.
In/in other/ap municipalities/nns the/at difficulties/nns in/in overcoming/vbg the/at financial/jj burden/nn have/hv been/ben sufficiently/ql great/jj to/to dishearten/vb proponents/nns of/in fiscal/jj year/nn changes/nns ./.
Fortunately/rb ,/, such/jj cases/nns in/in Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl are/ber more/ap the/at exception/nn than/cs the/at rule/nn ./.


	As/ql shown/vbn earlier/rbr in/in Table/nn-tl 1/cd-tl ,/, the/at several/ap cities/nns and/cc towns/nns use/vb widely/rb varied/vbn fiscal/jj and/cc tax/nn collection/nn calendars/nns ./.
In/in addition/nn ,/, no/at two/cd Rhode/np-tl Island/nn-tl communities/nns are/ber identical/jj in/in relation/nn to/in their/pp$ over-all/jj financial/jj condition/nn ./.
These/dts factors/nns practically/rb insure/vb that/cs no/at single/ap financing/vbg formula/nn is/bez feasible/jj ;/. ;/.
each/dt situation/nn must/md be/be studied/vbn and/cc a/at plan/nn developed/vbn that/wps takes/vbz into/in consideration/nn such/jj factors/nns as/cs the/at effect/nn of/in the/at existing/vbg and/cc prospective/jj tax/nn calendars/nns ,/, the/at financial/jj condition/nn of/in the/at treasuries/nns ,/, and/cc the/at length/nn of/in the/at transition/nn interval/nn ./.
Suitable/jj plans/nns range/vb from/in those/dts that/wps are/ber very/ql easy/jj to/to develop/vb to/in those/dts that/wps are/ber difficult/jj to/to formulate/vb and/cc require/vb borrowing/vbg ranging/vbg from/in short-term/nn serial/jj notes/nns to/in long-term/nn bonds/nns ./.


	The/at financial/jj problem/nn ,/, where/wrb it/pps exists/vbz ,/, usually/rb stems/vbz from/in the/at adoption/nn of/in a/at budget/nn for/in the/at transitional/jj or/cc adjustment/nn period/nn ./.
For/in those/dts communities/nns which/wdt have/hv financial/jj difficulties/nns in/in effecting/vbg adjustments/nns ,/, there/ex are/ber a/at number/nn of/in alternatives/nns any/dti one/cd of/in which/wdt alone/rb ,/, or/cc in/in combination/nn with/in others/nns ,/, would/md minimize/vb if/cs not/* even/rb eliminate/vb the/at problem/nn ./.

